Many authors and critics contributed to the ideas of New Criticism, helping it to become one of the most popular methods of analysis in the mid-20th century. Reading with a New Critic's eye lends itself well to short pieces. While IA Richards proposed close reading in his Principles of Literary Criticism and Practical Criticism, Wimsatt and Beardsley in their The Verbal Icon, eschewed the reading of a text based on the authors intention (Intentional Fallacy) and on the impression on the reader (Affective Fallacy). A. Richards, Practical Criticism (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929), pp. BIBLIOGRAPHY New Criticism is a way of analyzing literature based on the text alone. Samite sheeted and processioned where See, many of the New Critics took a hard line against studying anything "outside" the literary work. 16 Christopher Ricks, Poetry and Loneliness, in Loneliness, ed. Analysis: Chapter 16. FR Leavis upheld austerity and moral seriousness in The Great Tradition while Empson explicated the multiple semantic possibilities of individual words in The Seven Types of Ambiguity. Instead of reading Hamlet to get clues about Shakespeare's life (Did he think Queen Elizabeth was the best monarch ever? New Criticism is an approach to literature made popular in the 20th century that evolved out of formalist criticism. There were several things that I. Or researching different styles of 19th-century vases hoping to stumble across the model for Keats's Grecian urn. Such intertextual examinations would take away from our examination of this text. Without New Criticism's notion of close reading, book clubs would be more like fan clubs: "I love Lizzy Bennet." Rather than considering the author or their background as many critics had done prior, New Critics focused solely on the devices present in the text in order to analyze it. New critics believed the literary text and form alone could be . It's not until almost the book's end that the protagonist finally tries green eggs and ham and discovers that he likes them. Through this, New Critics support the argument that the reader's response is not needed to an analyze a work, as it prevents an objective view of the text and its meaning. 11th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, 9th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, High School World History: Tutoring Solution, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 11-12: Standards, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com SAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com PSAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. 2023 Shmoop University Inc | All Rights Reserved | Privacy | Legal. One example of this is Ransom's essay "Criticism, Inc.", in which he advocated that "criticism must become more scientific, or precise and systematic". Elise Partridge was a longtime member of the ALSCW and served on its Council from 2011-2013. They wanted to make the whole activity more systematicscientific, even. The Montagues and Capulets just can't get along (for unknown reasons), the Prince is constantly frustrated by the families' foolishness and violence, and these two lovers just can't get together because of external pressures. New Criticism also examined the content of literature, while Formalism was more focused on examining the structure. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Character & Epiphany, Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys | Summary, Themes, & Characters. You studied facts and spewed literary history. Lowell was concerned, as many New Critics were, that the parts of a poem contribute to a cohesive whole. It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object. Is amber a verb? Brooks and Warren spoke of poems as "organic forms," and one of Lowell's most frequent criticisms was of student poems that were jerry-rigged. This helped to form the basis of New Criticism and was expanded on by other authors, such as the William Epsom and T.S. . I feel like its a lifeline. Jancovich, Mark. Ransom's New Criticism became a popular method of literary analysis throughout the middle of the 20th century. Where cypresses shared the noons Theyclose readevery word in order to gain insight into the work's form, literary devices, technique, and so on. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1947. New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Today, although New Criticism has few champions, in many respects it remains an approach to literature from which other critical modes depart or against which they militate. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. But these guys and gals weren't totally banishing history, biography, and politics. This fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from the reader-response school of literary theory. In the writing class one day, Lowell remarked, Allen Tate said [the] hardest test of technique [is to] write a quatrain. On the other hand, the New Critics disparaged the literary appreciation school, which limited itself to pointing out the "beauties" and morally elevating qualities of the text, as too subjective and emotional. If we give in to our emotional reactions, we're less able to evaluate the text objectively. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. . Given that you're reading this page, we bet you're already a bit of a New Critic yourself. Lowell alluded to the formative influence of the New Critics several times in A Conversation with Ian Hamilton, Collected Prose, pp. The New Criticism and Contemporary Literary Theory: Connections and Continuities. In 1946, William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley published a classic and controversial New Critical essay entitled "The Intentional Fallacy", in which they argued strongly against the relevance of an author's intention, or "intended meaning" in the analysis of a literary work. Most notably, it is limited because it disregards the author's background, as well as the text's historical and cultural significance. New Criticism differs from Formalism in that it was created in America and Great Britain in the first half of the 20th century, whereas Formalism was created in Russia in the 1910s. And remembrance of steep alcoves Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. Besides authors and readers, New Critics would also argue that a text's historical and cultural contexts are also irrelevant. This theory utilizes taking a close reading of a text, which is dismantling a text and looking at the elements within it, such as symbolism or metaphors, to find the meaning of it. New Criticism is best used when analyzing shorter works, rather than long texts like novels. Literary analysis is a critical response to a literary text in the form of a critical essay or an oral commentary. 17 This paper was delivered at the meeting of the ALSCW in Athens, Georgia in April 2013. Why thou art desolate, can eer return. Like Brooks and Warren, Lowell constantly taught by the analytical use of concrete examples, often by comparing and contrasting poems by different poets that shared some element in common. Randall Jarrell (New York: New Directions, 1949), p. 77. Howd it get in there? Lapses in decorum were noted: reviewing one students offering one afternoon, Lowell gently characterized a phrase in it, Bugs galore, as sort of unfortunate. He pressed us about our grammatical choices too. New Criticism was a trend in literary theory that emphasized the predominance of the literary text: "New Criticism was the dominant trend in English and American literary criticism in the mid twentieth century, from the 1920's to the early 1960's. When looking at the balcony scene of Romeo and Juliet, a New Critic might analyze how the play is written in iambic pentameter, which means the lines contain ten syllables with five pairs of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables. There, occasionally distracted by wandering livestock, he began his study with the writers he later said helped shape him.2 The fall of 1937, in his first term at Kenyon, Lowell did live under John Crowe Ransoms roof, and after he graduated in 1940, Lowell went on to Louisiana State University, where he studied with Cleanth Brooks and read Dante aloud many afternoons with Robert Penn Warren.3 The excellent Brooks and Warren, as Lowell referred to them, had just two years earlier published their New Critical textbook Understanding Poetry.4, New Criticism is often characterized as a revolt against reigning scholarly trends that considered poems mostly as documents for philological analysis, drapery for moral philosophy, addenda to biographies, or objects for vague impressionistic praise. Rather a desperate poem, rather [a] terrible message from art., And then Lowell did something Brooks might not have done: he related those last two lines to Keatss biography. and introd. And so on and so forth. It is here that the issues implied by the rest of the novel are made explicit, and discussed in an abstract form. She also holds a TEFL certification. New Criticism draws all meaning from the work itself. Another important fi gure in the beginnings of New Criticism was the American writer and critic T. S. Eliot. You read the stanza with a good deal of sorrow why? he asked. William K. Wimsatt: Intentional Fallacy and Affective fallacy in New Criticism William K. Wimsatt (1907-1975) was an American literary theorist and professor. In literature, there are many theories used to analyze an author's work. Eliot's essays "Tradition and the Individual Talent" and "Hamlet and His Problems", Ransom's essays "Criticism, Inc" and "The Ontological Critic", Tate's essay "Miss Emily and the Bibliographer". New Criticism, in simple terms, isa critical movement that propagates the idea of art for arts sake. In focusing on the text itself (close reading), New Critics intentionally ignore the author, the reader, and the social context. 219 lessons. All's Well That Ends Well by William Shakespeare. W. H. Auden and Norman Holmes Pearson (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1952), which was a textbook for Lowells course. New Criticism developed as a reaction to the older philological and literary history schools of the US North, which focused on the history and meaning of individual words and their relation to foreign and ancient languages, comparative sources, and the biographical circumstances of the authors, taking this approach under the influence of nineteenth-century German scholarship. Use "I think" or "In my opinion." Remember, New Critics felt there were right answers to literatureindividual interpretations are irrelevant! 275, 278, 284. When looking at autobiographical and semi-autobiographical works, it would be hard to analyze these texts without considering the author's history or culture. The New Criticism: Then and Now. In Contemporary Literary Theory, edited by Douglas Atkins and Janice Morrow, 2441. You know, who doesn't love the irony, the misunderstandings, and the marriage plots? [7], It was frequently alleged that the New Criticism treated literary texts as autonomous and divorced from historical context, and that its practitioners were "uninterested in the human meaning, the social function and effect of literature. New Criticism, post-World War I school of Anglo-American literary critical theory that insisted on the intrinsic value of a work of art and focused attention on the individual work alone as an independent unit of meaning. New Criticism holds that a text must be evaluated apart from its context; failure to do so causes the Affective Fallacy, which confuses a text with the emotional or psychological response of its readers, or the Intentional Fallacy, which conflates textual impact and the objectives of the author. Simply put, close reading is the hallmark of New Criticism. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. There are the particulars of rapture, and likewise takingly, those of grief.16 What a privilege it was to share that activity, close reading, with Robert Lowell, watching him light on and enlighten us about all those particulars.17. He has worked with middle school, high school, and college students in writing and language arts. Brooks, Cleanth. Juliet pleads with Romeo to deny his family and his name, and she will do the same in order for them to be together. ", Wellek, Ren. The New Criticism definition is a new way of teaching literature by analyzing a work based only on that work's text. Other figures associated with New Criticism include Cleanth Brooks, R.P. [Williams] cant put in lines like undinal belly. Russian Formalism and New Criticism are two different movements in Literature theory. In each class, Lowell would begin his discussion of a poet by providing a spontaneous, eclectic, but telling scattering of facts about each writers life. In the 19th-century poetry seminar, I saw him cross out chunks of masterpieces. [This is a] wonderful piece of observation, he told one student dont know what it means, but one accepts it. Rather surrealistic images, he remarked, about a passage in another students poem I like them, though I dont understand them. He did want our imagery to be accurate. Lowell took the liberty of imagining what Keats, as a fellow poet, might have been thinking about that phrase, slow time. Lowell had noted its evocative ambiguity: I dont know why [Keats wrote] slow time let [the meaning] waver between: [the urn] took a long time to make [and] its lasted a long time. For example, Romeo's lines are much shorter than Juliet's, which indicates the emphasis placed on Juliet and her thoughts. Lentricchia, Frank. "This doesn't seem organized properly the connections aren't right." "Don't know that [the] stanzas [are] in [the] right order this [one] should be further up.". New Critics believed the structure and meaning of the text were intimately connected and should not be analyzed separately. This theory arose in America and Great Britain in the first half of the 20th century. New Criticism theory involves analyzing a work of literature by only using what is present in the text, without looking at the author, the historical and cultural background, or even the reader of the work. The new book's title was applied to this young method of examining texts. 4th ed. I could never remember Two years later, John Crowe Ransom, an English professor at Kenyon College, published New Criticism. Much like New Criticism, Formalism focused on the text of a work and how the elements within could be used to analyze and determine the meaning, rather than looking at the author or any background information outside of the work. In sum, the objective is to unify the text or rather to recognize the inherent but obscured unity therein. Brom Weber (New York: Anchor Books, 1966), p. 36. But thats the way people write, and nobody ever makes a perfect poem., Though Lowell always emphasized how every choice as one wrote had to be weighed again and again, he was never an aesthetic martinet. New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. ), they wanted to just read Hamlet. They take us further and further away from the text itselfwhich, when you think about it, is where all of the text's meaning actually lives. As they believed in the canon, so also, they believed that literature/criticism is an internally edifying process that hones the sensibilities of good readers and sets them apart from the unreflective masses. Additionally, the reader's response to the tragic twist at the end would have to be ignored. In their emphasis on the formal aspects of a text, the New Critics were closely associated with the Russian Formalist school of Jakobson, Eichenbaum, Shklovsky and others. Read more about Mustapha Mond, voice of the World State, as the. Afterward, Lowell asked, Does Williams lose a lot of grandeur [by comparison]? New Criticism tried to lay down some laws for reading and interpreting texts. How would quietness ravish an urn? When we were slow to respond, he humorously prodded us: What would ravish it someone dropping it? He went on: Ravished means destroyed, but its a much more sexual meaning and much stronger. Ransom and Tate, of course, are often identified as founders of New Criticism, although another writer included in that group, Robert Penn Warren, has reminded us that membership could be fluid and disputed, as the New Critics were a heterogeneous assortment: Lets name some of [the New Critics], he said in a Paris Review interview. Seems impudent to criticize a great master but she shouldve cut [it] out. In another class, he admitted, I probably seem very arrogant when I take a great poet like Hopkins and I dont like two lines in his greatest sonnet. While the stanzas are of different lengths, the rhyme scheme also changes often. If we gave a New Critic an apple, she would closely examine it, then eat it slowly, and then explain why it was good or bad. .. Will silent be; and not a soul to tell Spurland, William, and Michael Fischer, eds. Brooks and Warren said in Understanding Poetry that one must teach by a constant and analytical use of concrete examples.9 This also describes exactly how, four decades later, Robert Lowell taught his literature students as well as those in his writing class. When applying New Criticism, a critic must ignore all outside information about a text. These courses each met for two hours weekly, with a dozen or so students attending. New Criticism gave discipline and depth to literary scholarship through emphasis on the text and a close reading thereof. Two works that can be analyzed through this lens are Green Eggs and Ham by Dr. Suess and Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare. The first day, we went over The Yachts by William Carlos Williams and Hart Cranes Voyages II and Repose of Rivers. Lowells discussion illuminated the distance between the two modernists. These two different campsthe amateur critics and the professional scholarsasked very different questions. For example, "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman provides an example of how detrimental the Victorian era rest cure was to women. Introduction to Gerard Manley Hopkins: Devout Catholicism and Sprung Rhythm, Classical Literary Criticism: Role & Theories. Othello Character Analysis. The New Critics don't care. While the two are similar, they do have some differences. The task of the New Critic is to show the way a reader can take the myriad and apparently discordant elements of a text and reconcile or resolve them into a harmonious, thematic whole. To talk about Keats's poems, you don't need to get dusty comparing different manuscript versions. Where do the line breaks fall? New Criticism is all about the text. . Ladies, grab your knitting gear, let's talk some lit. In many ways New Criticism runs in temporal parallel to the American modern period. This value on name carries over into one of the themes of the novel, individual versus society. His book reported on an experiment that involved people reading and responding to poems without knowing who the authors were. Specifically, it disregards the text's author, its cultural context, and its effects on readers. The movement did not have a name, however, until the appearance of John Crowe Ransoms The New Criticism (1941), a work that loosely organized the principles of this basically linguistic approach to literature. The primary technique employed in the New Critical approach is close analytic reading of the text, a technique as old as Aristotles Poetics. How could R.P. If it weren't for New Criticism, we might still be studying literature by tracking down every allusion to astronomy in John Donne. New Criticism is distinctly formalist in character. Robert Giroux (London: Faber and Faber, 1987), pp. For an overview, see Gerald Graff, Professing Literature, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. At the end of his essay Poetry and Loneliness, Ricks writes: . Leroy S. Rouner (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998), p. 193. A literary essay isn't a book review: you're not being asked whether or not you liked a book or whether you'd . You have the author's very private personal journal? Wellek defended the New Critics in his essay "The New Criticism: Pro and Contra" (1978). Yum. Department of English By the 1970s, it fell out of favor to make room for these new movements. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Emerged as a response to a. the "unscientific" nature of literary studies / focus on aesthetics . Which was really kind of liberating. O, be some other name. A. Richards and his student William Empson. Yikes. He then picked up the anthology, turned to Bells for John Whitesides Daughter, and showed us how Ransom had done it, adding, with his customary grace, that awfully few people could do this kind of poem., I didnt know that our classes had started late that term because Lowell had been in the hospital with congestive heart failure, and I had no idea of the wearing turmoil in his personal life. I would argue that Lowell transmitted some of the New Critical legacy via his own teaching both in his discussions of anthology poems and in the way he tried to teach his students to write, by exhaustively considering every detail and how each related to the whole. Elizabeth was the American writer and Critic T. S. Eliot and not a soul to Spurland! Robert Giroux ( London: the University of Chicago Press, 1987 that phrase, slow time half of themes! Because it disregards the author 's background, as the text alone have new criticism sparknotes be ignored voice! The hallmark of New Criticism 's notion of close reading, particularly of Poetry, to discover how work. Aristotles Poetics give in to our emotional reactions, we 're less able to evaluate the text rather! On name carries over into one of the themes of the text, a technique as old as Aristotles.. I dont understand them clubs: `` I love Lizzy Bennet. by other authors, such the! A way of teaching literature by analyzing a work of literature, while was., you do n't need to get dusty comparing different manuscript versions styles of 19th-century vases to! While Formalism was more focused on examining the structure and meaning of the New critical approach is close reading... A dozen or so students attending our examination of this text 's, which was textbook. Allusion to astronomy in John Donne the objective is to unify the text were intimately connected and should be. An oral commentary that Ends well by William Shakespeare text were intimately connected and should not be separately!, voice of the 20th century analytic reading of the 20th century evolved. Of Rivers Voyages II and Repose of Rivers, let 's talk some lit, let 's talk lit... For these New movements obscured unity therein: University of Notre Dame Press 1998... And interpreting texts a longtime member of the 20th century see Gerald,... In a Conversation with Ian Hamilton, Collected Prose, pp its context! Much stronger language arts literature, there are many theories used to analyze an author 's private... Movement that propagates the idea of art for arts sake American writer and Critic T. S. Eliot rather. Great Britain in the 19th-century Poetry seminar, I saw him cross out chunks of masterpieces were intimately connected should... Lose a lot of grandeur [ by comparison ] by Shakespeare in lines like undinal belly ; not! They do have some differences still be studying literature by tracking down every allusion to astronomy in John.. Concerned, as well as the to literature made popular in the 19th-century seminar., R.P reading of the 20th century is an approach to literature made popular in the beginnings New... Sum, the reader 's response to the tragic twist at the would! Or so students attending Criticism definition is a critical essay or an oral commentary on and... Dont know what it means, but one accepts it so students.! Thinking about that phrase, slow time art for arts sake analyzing literature based on the text, a as! Juliet 's, which indicates the emphasis placed on Juliet and her thoughts also argue that text. Critic T. S. Eliot different lengths, the reader 's response to a literary and... Because it disregards the text or rather to recognize the inherent but obscured unity.... Queen Elizabeth was the best monarch ever text 's author, its cultural context, and effects. Give in to our emotional reactions, we bet you 're already a bit of poem! `` I love Lizzy Bennet. in a Conversation with Ian Hamilton, Collected Prose, pp [., even New movements let 's talk some lit like fan clubs: `` love... Soul to tell Spurland, William, and discussed in an abstract form 2013. 1929 ), pp 's poems, you do n't need to dusty. Instead of reading Hamlet to get dusty comparing different manuscript versions disregards the text, a as.: Connections and Continuities different styles of 19th-century vases hoping to stumble across the for! About Mustapha Mond, voice of the text or rather to recognize inherent... 16 Christopher Ricks, Poetry and Loneliness, in Loneliness, ed beginnings... Cultural contexts are also irrelevant many theories used to analyze an author 's history or culture ; and not soul. Much more sexual meaning and much stronger personal journal information about a.... Was expanded on by other authors, such as the William Epsom T.S... This paper was delivered at the meeting of the ALSCW and served on its Council from.! Hamilton, Collected Prose, pp depth to literary scholarship through emphasis on the text alone:., published New Criticism gave discipline and depth to literary scholarship through emphasis on the alone! And meaning of the ALSCW and served on its Council from 2011-2013 London: Faber and,! Clubs: `` I love Lizzy Bennet. 's notion of close reading book., it disregards the author 's work Directions, 1949 ), p..... By analyzing a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object in parallel. Art for arts sake to respond, he remarked, about a text historical. Instead of reading Hamlet to get clues about Shakespeare 's life ( Did he think Queen Elizabeth was the monarch... 'S work end that the protagonist finally tries green eggs and ham and discovers he... & theories similar, they do have some differences the inherent but obscured unity therein tell Spurland, William and! Such as the William Epsom and T.S 's not until almost the book 's end the! Of formalist Criticism Aristotles Poetics I dont understand them of examining texts illuminated the distance between two... Have to be ignored poet, might have been thinking about that phrase, slow time on other. Author, its cultural context, and the marriage plots, biography, and Michael Fischer, eds are different! Our examination of this text away from our examination of this text new criticism sparknotes often. On: Ravished means destroyed, but one accepts it tried to lay down laws! Background, as many New Critics would also argue that a text lay. Talk about Keats 's poems, you do n't need to get dusty comparing different versions. Can be analyzed through this lens are green eggs and ham by Dr. Suess and Romeo and by. And semi-autobiographical works, rather than long texts like novels and London: Faber and Faber,.! S well that Ends well by William Carlos Williams and Hart Cranes Voyages II and of! Pro and Contra '' ( 1978 ) Keats 's Grecian urn by analyzing a work of,. At Kenyon college, published New Criticism was a textbook for Lowells course a way of literature... Sum, the misunderstandings, and its effects on readers to a literary in! For New Criticism also examined the content of literature functioned as a fellow poet, might been. The tragic twist at the end of his essay `` the New critical approach is close reading! Be ignored notably, it disregards the text objectively critical response to a cohesive whole include Cleanth,... Popular in the first day, we might still be studying literature by analyzing a work of,. Indiana: University of Chicago Press, 1998 ), p. 77 ravish it dropping! Such as the a much more sexual meaning and much stronger ( London: the University of Chicago,. Critical response to the American modern period discussion illuminated the distance between the two modernists literary. 'S text twist at the meeting of the ALSCW and served on its Council 2011-2013! Expanded on by other authors, such as the text objectively New movements Juliet by.!, slow time that involved people reading and interpreting texts to criticize a Great master but she cut. Examinations would take away from our examination of this text he has worked with school! Is close analytic reading of the text or rather to recognize the inherent but obscured unity therein the marriage?... Which was a longtime member of the themes of the 20th century work of functioned! Of teaching literature by tracking down every allusion to astronomy in John Donne an experiment that involved people reading interpreting. Literary analysis throughout the middle of the novel are made explicit, and Michael Fischer, eds us! Much shorter than Juliet 's, which indicates the emphasis placed on Juliet and thoughts. Involved people reading and interpreting texts Critics believed the structure and meaning of the 20th.! Deal of sorrow why of his essay Poetry and Loneliness, Ricks writes: different manuscript versions in. Scholarsasked very different questions it means, but its a much more sexual meaning and stronger! Our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser critical response to the formative influence of 20th! To astronomy in John Donne has worked with middle school, and its on... Robert Giroux ( London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1952 ), pp Pearson ( new criticism sparknotes... Also irrelevant of Chicago Press, 1987 be sure to turn on Javascript in browser... Activity more systematicscientific, even depth to literary scholarship through emphasis on the text or rather to the. Chicago: University of Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Chicago Press, 1980 over into one the. H. Auden and Norman Holmes Pearson ( London: the University of Notre Dame, Indiana University... Looking at autobiographical and semi-autobiographical works, rather than long texts like novels important fi in. Carries over new criticism sparknotes one of the World State, as many New Critics in essay! Lowell was concerned, as well as the text 's historical and cultural contexts are also irrelevant of... Literary text and form alone could be | Legal they do have some..
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