Calusa territory reached from Charlotte Harbor to Cape Sable, all of present-day Charlotte, Lee, and Collier counties, and may have included the Florida Keys at times. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. By Paul Brinkmann. New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. The lifestyle of the Calusa was leisurely, and they enjoyed numerous celebrations and feasts, many of which were connected to religious ceremonies at which lavish meals were prepared. The Calusa are said to have been the descendants of Palaeo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida about 12000 years ago. Though not all have survived, carvings included a sea turtle, alligator, pelican, fish-hawk, owl, bear, crab, wolf, wildcat, mountain lion, and a deer, many of which were painted black, white, gray-blue, and brownish-red. The watercolors illustrate the blue, black, gray, and brownish-red pigments found on many of the wooden specimens. google_ad_height = 15; Previous indigenous cultures had lived in the area for thousands of years. They had the highest population density of South Florida; estimates of total population at the time of European contact range from 10,000 to several times that, but these are speculative. Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Indigenous peoples who lived in the same region developed similar cultural traits based on their shared natural environment. Field school students brush sand from a tabby wall that might be the outer wall of Fort San Antn de Carlos. The Calusa Indians were originally called the "Calos" which means "Fierce People". Archaeological and historical documentation reveal that Calusa society was highly structured, with individuals living in fixed settlements surrounding a large central town. Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. A variety of carving tools were also recovered. The women were responsible for work around the house, like cooking and raising the children. The chief's house was described as having two big windows, suggesting that it had walls. Return to our menu of Native American cultures Little is known about Calusa religion. The Jews are not a race. The priests wore carved masks, which were at other times hung on the walls inside a temple. His status was reflected by his personal adornments, which included a golden headdress and beaded leg bands (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). The missionaries recognized that having a Calusa man cut his hair upon converting to Christianity (and European style) would be a great sacrifice. This answer is: Study guides. . (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. ( Public Domain ). As Cushing noted and as more recent studies have revealed, they dug extensive waterways or canals (sometimes as large as 4 feet deep, 20 feet wide, and 3 miles long) that crossed Key Marco and the rest of the region. The Calusa are said to have been a socially complex and politically powerful tribe, and most of southern Florida was controlled by them. [5] A few leaders governed the tribe. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Some of these masks had moving parts that used pull strings and hinges so that a person could alter the look of a mask while wearing it. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. The most powerful ruler governed the physical world, the second most powerful ruled human governments, and the last helped in wars, choosing which side would win. For the purposes of this research project I will compare and contrast three specific categories for each tribe in order to show how they were either similar or different from one another. The Calusa Domain. Milanich, Jerald. The Calusa believed that the three souls were the pupil of a person's eye, his shadow, and his reflection. Hostilities erupted, and the Spanish soldiers killed Carlos, his successor Felipe, and several of the "nobles" before they abandoned their fort and mission in 1569. An analysis of faunal remains at one coastal habitation site, the Wightman site (on Sanibel Island), showed that more than 93 percent of the energy from animals in the diet came from fish and shellfish, less than 6 percent of the energy came from mammals, and less than 1 percent came from birds and reptiles. The other two souls left the body after death and entered into an animal. Their territory was bounded in northwest Florida by the Aucilla and Ochlockonee rivers, and . Their gods were living all around them. The shell mounds are an example of these remains. Miccosukee. Calusa Protective Spell-Tampa This piece of folklore came from my co-worker, who grew up in Tampa, Florida. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods. Read More. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? They developed a complex culture based on estuarine fisheries rather than agriculture. The Calusa wove nets from palm-fiber cord. In the 1700's, infectious diseases, slaving raids and attacks by Creek and Yamasee Indians who were supplied with guns by the English, decimated the Calusa population. See answer (1) Best Answer. Tracking the Calusa: A Retrospective. Researchers have previously hypothesized the watercourts were designed to hold fish, but this was the first attempt to study the structures systematically, including when they were built and how that timing correlates with other Calusa construction projects, Marquardt said. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. The chief is said to have entertained the governor in a building so large that it could hold 2000 people in it. Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Len landed on the east coast of Florida and . Fish bones and scales recovered from one of the watercourts indicate the Calusa were capturing schooling species such as mullet, pinfish and herring. The 2017 excavations were really exciting for a number of reasons, Thompson said. [10][11][12], Mollusk shells and wood were used to make hammering and pounding tools. Although many others survived the shipwreck, only Fontaneda was spared by the tribe in whose territory they landed. Want this question answered? Photo source: Moving to Tampa, Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida, 2002. In 1517 Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba landed in southwest Florida on his return voyage from discovering the Yucatn. The Calusa, who had no immunity against such illnesses, were wiped out in large numbers. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. The Southeast is one of 10 culture areas that scholars use to study the Indigenous peoples of the United States and Canada. The finds tell us of Calusa fishing techniques, of the tools used to produce their wooden carvings, of architecture, ceremonialism, and daily life. Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. Along the southwest Gulf coast lived the Calusa (Caloosa) Indians. A new tribe that entered Florida either from the islands or the north at the start of the Christian Era, the Calusa dominated South Florida with their statute, skills, and brutality. google_ad_width = 728; The story of the Calusa during the Spanish occupation of La Florida is a complicated one, said Thompson. [26], For more than a century after the Avils adventure, there was little contact between the Spanish and Calusa. The Calusa were a Native American tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida. [4], The Calusa had a stratified society, consisting of "commoners" and "nobles" in Spanish terms. It is why we were ashamed of Bernie Madoff. While there is no evidence that the Calusa had institutionalized slavery, studies show they would use captives for work or even sacrifice. The Calusa men were tall and well built with long hair. Marquardt quotes a statement from the 1570s that "the Bay of Carlos in the Indian language is called Escampaba, for the cacique of this town, who afterward called himself Carlos in devotion to the Emperor" (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. This now makes three southwest Florida sites with wet-site preservation of such items as wood, cordage and netting: the Pineland Site Complex, Key Marco and now Mound Key.. One of the causes of this was the raids conducted by rival tribes from Georgia and South Carolina. The National Geographic has reported that archaeologists have discovered an ancient Native American kings house in Florida. 5,8,4) traveled this year, in an unprecedented loan of the Key Marco material, to the National Gallery of Art where they were exhibited as part of the Columbian Quincentenary exhibition, Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. These figureheads will be on display in Philadelphia through 1992 in the Main Entrance of The University Museum. Calusa influence may have also extended to the Ais tribe on the central east coast of Florida. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1,000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that. [Online]Available at: http://www.calusalandtrust.org/who_were_the_calusa/who_were_the_calusa.htm, Ripley, K., 2016. The Calusa have long fascinated archaeologists because they were a fisher-gatherer-hunter society that attained unusual social complexity, said William Marquardt, curator emeritus of South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Because of their reliance on shellfish, they accumulated large shell middens during this period. It was during this phase of research that the team located and documented the massive kings house, showing it was indeed every bit as impressive as Spanish accounts, which claimed it was large enough to accommodate some 2,000 people. The fort is the only Spanish structure built atop a shell mound in Florida. Copy. Hence, the Calusa are sometimes called the Shell People / Indians. One of Cushings crew members, Wells M. Sawyer, was an artist and photographer; he painted lifelikewatercolors and took field photos of many of the specimens as they came from the mud. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world ( Art by Merald Clark. Granberry has provided an inventory of phonemes to the sounds of the Calusa language.[22][21]. One of the most notable traditions of the Calusa was their use of shell mounds. By 880, a complex society had developed with high population densities. The Calusa and their legacy: South Florida people and their environments. Honestly, we have explored a very small sample of Mound Key and other nearby island sites., ln the next couple of years, Thompson added, Id like to return to Mound Key to look more closely at the fort and its structures to really delve into Calusa-Spanish interactions.. In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months.[27]. He was aware, however, of the magnitude of his findings: the remains of a highly organized maritime society whose members performed elaborate rituals and whose artists possessed remarkable abilities in wood carving. (Public Domain ). Tabby, also called tabbi or tapia, is made by burning shells to create lime, which is then mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. Image by Pat Payne for American Archaeology. They began preliminary investigations of the fort, which was located on Mound 2 and housed one of the first Jesuit missions established in the U.S. Re-entering the area in 1614, Spanish forces attacked the Calusa as part of a war between the Calusa and Spanish-allied tribes around Tampa Bay. The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Unlike other Indian tribes, the Calusa did not make many. Lucy Fowler Williams is Keeper of Collections for the American Section. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. The first Spanish explorers found that these Indians were not very friendly. Join CJ as he discusses: The origins of the Calusa Their physical description Their society, hierarchy, and religion These small fish were supplemented by larger bony fish, sharks and rays, mollusks, crustaceans, ducks, sea turtles and land turtles, and land animals. Franciscan friar Fray Lopez, director of the unsuccessful 1697 mission attempt, described the Calusa temples as very tall and wide, with a mound in the middle and a structure on the mound enclosed with reed mats and containing benches around the walls. The Calusa artifacts discovered on Marco Island date from 300 AD to 1500 AD, prior to European contact in Florida. What formation processes resulted in the complex of mounds and other features there? The Calusa: "The Shell Indians". One ritual was witnessed in which a large procession of masked men came down from a mound accompanied by hundreds of singing women (Goggin and Sturtevant 1964). Despite having no real agriculture, they developed a dense, sedentary, complex society, with all the good & bad that entails. Conversion would have destroyed the source of their authority and legitimacy. At Mound Key, the Spaniards used primitive tabby as a mortar to stabilize the posts in the walls of their wooden structures. Widmer cites George Murdock's estimate that only some 20 percent of the Calusa diet consisted of wild plants that they gathered. After suffering decimation by disease, the tribe was destroyed by Creek and Yamasee raiders early in the 18th century. Florida's climate had reached current conditions and the sea had risen close to its present level by about 3000 BC. On Key Marco, among numerous mounds and ridges of earth and shell, he discovered a courtyard submerged in mud and bound by walls of conch shells. For a long time, societies that relied on fishing, hunting and gathering were assumed to be less advanced, said Marquardt. Diseases would ravage their population and force . The Calusa kingdom was eventually devastated by European diseases as well as slave raids by enemy tribes. The Chilling Mystery of the Octavius Ghost Ship, What is a Wendigo? Cushings excavations took place along the coast. New Moai Statue Found on Chiles Easter Island Excites Researchers. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. It is clear the Calusa possessed an extraordinary understanding of and sensitivity to their natural environment. Although he did not know much about the history of the Calusa Indians, what he did know was the legend in Tampa that the Calusa Indians cast a spell to keep them safe. When combined with historical and archaeological documentation, Cushings finds from Key Marco teach us about the Calusa Indians around the time of contact. This article is good but it does not provide any data related to the status of the Calusa people at the first arrival of Spaniards in 1513 leaded by Juan Ponce de Leon, its "discoverer". According to these accounts, the Calusa had a head chief named Carlos who lived in Calos and received tribute from surrounding villages. The Beast with an insatiable Hunger for Human Flesh, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Red Taj Mahal and the Dutch Hessings of India. The University Museum has an exceptional collection of artifacts from the Calusa site at Key Marco, Florida. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! The men and boys of the tribe made nets from palm tree webbing to catch mullet, pinfish, pigfish, and catfish. The plaques and other objects were often painted. . Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. Historically located in northwest Florida, the Apalachee were allied with the Spanish, but maintained their autonomy through political and social traditions. Penn Museum, 1991 Web. Cultivated gourds were used as net floats, and sinkers and net weights were made from mollusk shells. But the Spanish not only refused to fight Caalus rivals, they also wanted to convert his people to Catholicism, which eventually led to conflict between the Spanish and the Calusa. Salvaged goods and survivors from wrecked Spanish ships reached the Calusa during the 1540s and 1550s. Mollusk shells and shark teeth were used for grating, cutting, carving and engraving. The Tequesta Indians were a tribe of eastern Florida, closely connected with the Ais. Radiocarbon dating of organic materials associated with the watercourts indicates they were built between A.D. 1300 and 1400, toward the end of a second phase of construction on the kings house. [15], The Calusa wore little clothing. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. [Online]Available at: https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/research/calusa-domain/, floridahistory.org, 2016. While archaeologists in Florida have recovered several village sites of Calusa habitation, including burial mounds, shell ridges, canals, and plazas, The University Museums 1896 excavations at Key Marco provided extraordinary clues to our understanding of Calusa ceremonialism and daily life. Montauk The Calusa painted their bodies on a regular basis, but there was no report of tattooing among them. From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. He was also attacked by the Calusa. Native American tattoos Perhaps a dancer wore the mask and carried the figurehead of the particular animal he was emulating (Cushing 1896). South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography, South Florida Archaeology & Ethnography Collection. At some point of time in their history, this tribe discovered that there was a wealth of fish in the waters, and began to exploit this resource. The men wore their hair long. The pelican, wolf, and deer figureheads mentioned here (Figs. Escampaba may be related to a place named Stapaba, which was identified in the area on an early 16th-century map. It appears that the answer is their watercourts, which were discovered back in the 1890s. The leaders included the paramount chief, or "king"; a military leader (capitn general in Spanish); and a chief priest. This lasted until about 1750, and included the historic Calusa people. Penn Museum 2023 Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help / Contact / Copyright / Disclaimer / Privacy /, Report Web Accessibility Issues and Get Help. Warriors killed all the adult men. [7] The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a "clan-sister". Illustrated here, the deer, pelican, wolf, alligator, and sea turtle reveal extraordinary realism, delicacy, and gracefulness of formartistic qualities characteristic of Mississippian Period and earlier ceramic, stone, and wood sculpture excavated in the area and at sites further north (Figs. At the top of the hierarchy was the chief, who had control over the life and death of his subjects, and was believed to have the ability to communicate with the spirits. The Calusa also believed that three supernatural beings ruled the universe. Nets were woven with a standard mesh size; nets with different mesh sizes were used seasonally to catch the most abundant and useful fish available. Circumstantial evidence, primarily from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the Tequesta, Mayaimi, and Tocobaga, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. The chief had many wives: one principal wife and others given to him by surrounding villages. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. Cultures little is known about Calusa religion United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks ; fierce people &... 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