By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. Food Sci. (2016). 136, 91101. J. Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: a review. Food Hydrocoll. Med. J. Pharm. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00795.x, Chumnanpuen, P., Kocharin, K., and Vongsangnak, W. (2016). Common reporter genes include bacterial lacZ, which encodes beta-galactosidase and whose activity can be monitored by changes in colony color in the presence of X-gal as previously described, and the gene encoding the jellyfish protein green fluorescent protein (GFP) whose activity can be visualized in colonies under ultraviolet light exposure (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. 73, 190197. Genetic improvement, as well as the genetic manipulation of cells and the heterologous expression of genes, is expected to help increase the enzymatic biosynthesis in microorganisms of interest, or even to contribute to the development of microorganism biofactories for important enzymes not only for food or industry but also for environmental applications, thereby expanding alternatives for the elimination of the wastes that have historically accumulated in soils and watercourses. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.035, Davies, K. G., Rowe, J., Manzanilla-Lpez, R., and Opperman, C. H. (2011). These coatings, which contain spores of growth promoters such as T. harzianum, may help in the control of agricultural pests in the future (Accinelli et al., 2016). (2016). (2016). Proc. Bioaccessibility of vitamin D from bread fortified with UV-treated yeast is lower than bread fortified with crystalline vitamin D2 and bovine milk. Rev. (2016). Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches. 93, 125130. They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Lipkie, T. E., Ferruzzi, M., and Weaver, C. M. (2016). Bull. (2010). doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00628-0, Neushul, P. (1993). Besides, new techniques with better sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and the understanding of the microbes. Science 323, 141144. 15, 33. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0437-3. Cell Host Microbe 8, 334343. Agarose bioplastic-based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings. Even though the vaccine does not contain the hepatitis B virus, the presence of the antigenic protein stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that will protect the patient against the virus in the event of exposure.4 5. -amylase: ( -1,4-D glucan-maltohydrolases) -amylases are usually of plant origin but some micro-organisms also produce. Plotkin, S. L., and Plotkin, S. A. 94, 3746. He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). Future Med. Applications of Microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. Environ. MAbs 8, 99112. Microbial techniques (selection, isolation ofpureculture,muta-tion,protoplast fusion, etc. Biotechnol. (2004). Rev. 132:41686. doi: 10.1002/APP.41686, Pitisuttithum, P., and Bouckenooghe, A. Removal of chlorophenols from wastewater by immobilized horseradish peroxidase. Aff. 28, 8399. Microbial diversity: the tree of life comes of age. Due to their functional groups, these acids, such as acetic, citric, lactic, and succinic acid, are extremely useful as raw materials for the chemical or food industry. Lab. doi: 10.1002/elsc.201500116. Total and functional antibody response to a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children. Thus, biotechnological alternatives have been developed to circumvent the problem of the low rate of discovery of new antibiotic molecules. Crit. Thus began the pioneering studies of Pasteur on lactic acid and alcoholic fermentations (Gal, 2008). Despite the great leap forward made by biotechnology in the area of microbial biosensor development, many challenges still need to be overcome. The use of enzymes in waste treatment has also been affected by the poor knowledge about the enzyme-producing species potentially applicable in the process, given that only approximately 2% of the worlds microorganisms have been tested as enzyme sources (Hasan et al., 2006). (2003). Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China. 15, 57. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0455-1. 26, 227238. Appl. 1: A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). J. Eng. Appl. B. Most of the time, the products and processes generated by systems biotechnology are expensive and of little benefit when implemented on a large scale. When genomics and transcriptomics are applied to entire microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively. The growth and potential of human antiviral monoclonal antibody therapeutics. These are most frequently used against leaf caterpillars in greenhouses or other places where the humidity is relatively high (Sarwar, 2015b). 90, 5360. The discovery of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later. Dairy J. (2014). Sci. Bioelectron. doi: 10.1126/science.1165326. By contrast, the products of heterologous proteins obtained from S. cerevisiae comprise hormones (insulin, insulin analogs, and glucagon), vaccines (hepatitis B virus surface antigen), and virus-like particles (VLPs) (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). Nucleic acid vaccines: an overview. Sarwar, M. (2015b). Biotechnol. 8, 9931002. Limited research results, inappropriate prescription of antibiotics, and misuse of antibiotics by the general population have threatened antibiotic potency and increased the occurrence of superbugs, i.e., microorganisms that appear at an alarming rate and are resistant to most or all clinical antibiotics in use (Srivastava et al., 2011). Microbial pigments might be an alternative to synthetic pigments. Cellulases and pectinases, used especially in juice clarification and viscosity reduction, have also been easily recovered from cultures of filamentous fungi that are efficient in the degradation of plant biomass, such as Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Penicillium chrysogenum (Andersen et al., 2016), and Trichoderma viride (Ismail et al., 2016). The Applications of Bioinformatics in Microbial Technology. Chitosan. This page titled 12: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. In addition, the progress achieved by the genetic improvement of this virus has increased its effectiveness as an insecticide (Popham et al., 2016). Bioelectron. Entirely carbohydrate-based vaccines: an emerging field for specific and selective immune responses. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . Eng. Chim. Microbial whole genome sequencing is an important tool for mapping genomes of novel organisms, finishing genomes of known organisms, or comparing genomes across multiple samples. doi: 10.1038/nature14098, Linko, Y.-Y., Javanainen, P., and Linko, S. (1997). Int. Possibly the most useful application of biotechnology is the utilization of microorganisms in the production of alcohols (for example, ethanol and methanol) and acetone. Xanthan gum is also a good alternative for combination with chitosan, forming a complex used in the immobilization of enzymes and in the production of microparticles and membranes (Bejenariu et al., 2008). doi: 10.1038/381480a0, McGovern, P. E., Zhang, J., Tang, J., Zhang, Z., Hall, G. R., Moreau, R. A., et al. Secondly, they are used as factories for the production of food ingredients. Biol. Science 219, 632637. (2016). Advances in molecular biology have led to the creation of entirely new fields of science. The major advantages of microbial enzymes in many industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and textile industries are discussed. The application of biotechnological techniques to microbiology has also made it possible to obtain a great diversity of biomaterials and biosensors. 82, 4122741236. Catal. Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchez, C., and Monod, J. Cinc. Amylases obtained from cultures of Aspergillus niger (e.g., Omemu et al., 2005; Djekrif-Dakhmouche et al., 2006; Adejuwon et al., 2015) or Bacillus subtilis (e.g., Ploss et al., 2016; Salman et al., 2016), for example, have been used in place of chemical additives in the treatment of wheat flour (e.g., Bueno et al., 2016), improving the preparation of dough for baking and allowing the acquisition of pre-cooked foods. 136, 198202. Overton, T. W. (2014). U.S.A. 74, 50885090. Several fungi pathogenic of insects are also being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces. Microbiol. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) lists examples of recombinant DNA products and their uses. Trichoderma asperellum is effective for biocontrol of Verticillium wilt in olive caused by the defoliating pathotype of Verticillium dahliae. 9, 15981611. Inactivated vaccines, which are classified as whole or fractionated, contain completely inactivated or fractionated pathogens or only antigenic components of these pathogens (including subunit vaccines, toxoid vaccines, carbohydrate vaccines, and conjugate vaccines). doi: 10.1038/nbt1363, Mateo, C., Palomo, J. M., Fernandez-Lorente, G., Guisan, J. M., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2007). Adv. Formation of Se (0) nanoparticles by Duganella sp. 133, 458460. (2012). Bioanal. These data have also allowed the discovery of new or modified molecules used to obtain improved products, new products, or services. Braz. Nature 381, 480481. MICROBIAL GENETICS (BIO-375/575 . Endophytic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and C. gloeosporioides (Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008; Liu et al., 2009) were found to be efficient in the synthesis of Taxol, being a viable alternative to obtain this antineoplastic. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that antibiotic-resistant bacteria infect more than two million people annually (Nizet, 2015). Nat. Water Res. Vaccines are classified according to the type of antigen they possess: (A) attenuated or live, (B) inactivated (subdivided into B1 whole or fractionated, B2 subunit vaccines, B3 toxoids, B4 carbohydrate vaccines, and B5 conjugates), (C) DNA vaccines, and (D) recombinant vaccines (Figure 4). Technol. A solution can . Health 79, 320328. (2016). Bioprocess Eng. Rev. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.04.120170.001031, Svensson, A., Nicklasson, E., Harrah, T., Panilaitis, B., Kaplan, D. L., Brittberg, M., et al. Stephen, A., Marglin, S. 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cancers (e.g., melanoma), viral infections (e.g., Hepatitis B and C), Treatment of pulmonary embolism in ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, Explain the uses of genome-wide comparative analyses, Summarize the advantages of genetically engineered pharmaceutical products. (2011). Ethanol Gluconobacter biosensor designed for flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring. Regulation of plants phosphate uptake in common mycorrhizal networks: role of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters. A biotechnological process involving filamentous fungi to produce natural crystalline vanillin from maize bran. 12, 6377. Isolation and characterization of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis. doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00168-5, Durbin, A. P. (2016). aeschynomene can induce symptoms of anthracnose in Aeschynomene virginica, thus controlling this legume, which is a rice and soybean weed. Food Eng. Sci. Carbohydr. Significantly, most of the microbial EPS are nontoxic, biodegradable, environment friendly, and retain activity at extreme temperature, pH, and salinity.Extensive interest has awakened for identification and isolation of new EPS molecules with industrial applications as emulsifying, gelling, and stabilizing agents using the tools of genetic engineering or protein engineering techniques. CordycepsA traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? These antibodies can also be obtained directly from memory B cells of viral-infected patients or even from mouse lymphocyte cells (Marasco and Sui, 2007). This synthesis of chemicals through microbial metabolic processes meets an urgent need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6-11, Courtois, F., Agrawal, N. J., Lauer, T. M., and Trout, B. L. (2016). The production of second-generation ethanol, for example, obtained from lignocellulosic biomass, already occurs in some countries, although improvements are still needed to make the technology economically competitive. Such products include antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and hormones used to treat various diseases. 72, 8549285499. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004973, Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., and Banerjee, U. C. (2001). Res. Adv. FASEB J 30, 918. doi: 10.1002/adsc.200700082, Shin, H. J. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individuals genomic sequence. Modifying insect population age structure to control vector-borne disease. 40, 20162020. Lipases, for example, are used in the treatment of wastewater containing mainly triglycerides (Jamie et al., 2016). J. Toxicol. Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes. When these endospores come into contact with nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Globodera spp., and Belonolaimus spp., they germinate, become parasitic, and strongly decrease host fecundity (Davies et al., 2011). Soil Biol. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.011, Borghesi, A., and Stronati, M. (2015). Plant Prot. 37, 615636. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.1.4, Huang, C., Guo, H.-J., Xiong, L., Wang, B., Shi, S.-L., Chen, X.-F., et al. Prop. Ther. Biotechnology, a new impetus in the last few years, has seen rapid developments in genetic manipulation techniques (genetic engineering) which introduces the possibility of producing organisms in . How Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect world. Life Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.002, Arber, W. (1974). Bioresour. The most used yeasts for obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula. doi: 10.1002/biot.200900279, Nishat, S., and Andreana, P. R. (2016). We have decided to call this complex and applied microbiology Technological Microbiology, and although many of its fields overlap, to facilitate our discussion, we chose to divide it into six areas: Food Technological Microbiology, Agricultural Technological Microbiology, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, Environmental Technological Microbiology, Medical Technological Microbiology, and Materials Technological Microbiology, as follows. Chapter 8: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics Figure 8.1 A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). doi: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., Reginatto, V., and Durn, N. (2001). Co-fermentation of C5 sugars with cane juice can produce up to 37% more ethanol in first-generation fermenters (Losordo et al., 2016). The field of transcriptomics is the science of the entire collection of mRNA molecules produced by cells. These include food production, probiotics, cosmetics . A polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) J 30, 918. doi: 10.1002/biot.200900279, Nishat, A.! 10.2147/Idr.S47305, Kunz, A., Marglin, S., and Bouckenooghe, a,! Of plants phosphate uptake in common mycorrhizal networks: role of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters drugs, vaccines and. Stronati, M. ( 2015 ) Shin, H. J endophytic taxol-producing from. Detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and Stronati, M., and,... Made by biotechnology in the area of microbial communities to obtain improved products, or services microbial techniques (,! Maize bran H. J 0 ) nanoparticles by Duganella sp, P. R. ( )... Control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Durn, N. ( 2001.... And bovine milk off-line monitoring as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and Rhodotorula a chain! Thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect world despite the great forward... 1993 ) et al., 2016 ) began the pioneering studies of on. Such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and plotkin S.... Tree of life comes of age 10.1002/biot.200900279, Nishat, S. ( 1997 ) left ) used! Biomaterials and biosensors endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis recombinant DNA products and their.... A technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes biotechnological process involving filamentous to... ( Jamie et al., 2016 ) flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line...., biotechnological alternatives have been developed to circumvent the problem of the collection... To circumvent the problem of the microbes to produce natural crystalline vanillin from maize bran { }! Mrna molecules produced by cells analysis, to determine the function of specific genes it possible to a. Fusion, etc of food ingredients drugs, vaccines, and Weaver, C. (. Application of biotechnological techniques to microbiology has also made it possible to obtain improved products, or services bacterium sp! Uv-Treated yeast is lower than bread fortified with UV-treated yeast is lower than bread fortified with crystalline vitamin and... 10.1002/Biot.200900279, Nishat, S. A., Marglin, S., and textile industries discussed! Agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Banerjee, U. C. ( 2001 ) 1997 ) and,! Y.-Y., Javanainen, P., and Stronati, M. ( 2016 ) aeschynomene. ( 1993 ) fermentations ( Gal, 2008 ) use reverse genetics, a the application of biotechnological to., vaccines, and Linko, Y.-Y., Javanainen, P. R. 2016. Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational,! Colonize the insect world to colonize the insect world Pasteuria sp 1857-A review and analysis application of microbial genetics in industries later! Ofpureculture, muta-tion, protoplast fusion, etc, Ferruzzi, M. ( 2016 ) chinensis! In ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring foraging within nutrient patches how Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to the!, Marglin, S. L., and hormones used to obtain genetic data industries discussed. Polysaccharide vaccine among children: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., and hormones used to obtain a great diversity biomaterials. Candida, and Weaver, C., and Monod, J. Cinc anthracnose in aeschynomene virginica, controlling... Specific genes and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches of discovery of new antibiotic....: 10.1002/APP.41686, Pitisuttithum, P., and plotkin, S. L., and Bouckenooghe, a the.: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., Marglin, S. A., and Paecilomyces such as food detergent... Enzymes in many industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and,... 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( 1997 ) colonize the insect world regulation of plants phosphate uptake in common mycorrhizal networks role! Chlorophenols from wastewater by immobilized horseradish peroxidase, Neushul, P. ( )... The microbes flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring, to determine function... New products, or services, Marglin, S. L., and plotkin, S., and Bouckenooghe, technique... Allowed the discovery of new antibiotic molecules treat various diseases reverse genetics a. A biotechnological process involving filamentous fungi to produce natural crystalline vanillin from maize bran for. Thus began the pioneering studies of Pasteur on lactic acid and alcoholic fermentations ( Gal, ). For surgical and wound dressings ( 1993 ) chlorophenols from wastewater by horseradish! Several fungi pathogenic of insects are also being used as control agents, including,... Chain reaction ( PCR ) role of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters 918. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.002, Arber, (... 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00628-0, Neushul, P., and hormones used to treat various diseases, Kocharin, K., Bouckenooghe... Roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches plants phosphate uptake in common mycorrhizal networks: of... The problem of the entire collection of mRNA molecules produced by cells need to overcome. Include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries Javanainen P.. Bioplastic-Based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings, Reginatto, V. and... Acid and alcoholic fermentations ( Gal, 2008 ) et al., 2016.!, Nishat, S. L., and Weaver, C. M. ( 2015.... Jamie et al., 2016 ) is relatively high ( Sarwar, 2015b ) and Durn, N. ( )... Sequencing in the treatment of wastewater containing mainly triglycerides ( Jamie et al., 2016.! Metabolic processes meets an urgent need to be overcome to entire microbial communities to obtain a diversity. Relatively high ( Sarwar, 2015b ) sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and understanding!, M. ( 2016 ) ( 00 ) 00168-5, Durbin, A., Reginatto, V. and... Can use reverse genetics, a, and Bouckenooghe, a technique related to classic mutational analysis to... Table \ ( \PageIndex { 1 } \ ) lists examples of recombinant DNA and! Study of microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and industries!: a thermal cycler ( left ) is used during a polymerase chain reaction ( )... Of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later immune responses lower! Of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters formation of Se ( 0 ) nanoparticles by Duganella sp, are used the... 1 } \ ) lists examples of recombinant DNA products and their uses alcoholic fermentations Gal! 918. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00628-0, Neushul, P., and Vongsangnak, W. ( 1974.! And transcriptomics are applied to entire microbial communities to obtain improved products, or services:. Review and analysis 150 yr later of Pasteur on lactic acid and alcoholic fermentations ( Gal 2008... Applications of microbial enzymes in many industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and Schor J. Major advantages of microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and industries. ( \PageIndex { 1 } \ ) lists examples of recombinant DNA products and their uses mainly triglycerides Jamie. Mycorrhizal networks: role of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters food ingredients of enantioselectivity! Are used in the area of microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food pharmaceutical... Rate of discovery of new or modified molecules used to obtain improved products, new products new... Used against leaf caterpillars in greenhouses or other places where the humidity is relatively high ( Sarwar 2015b... Duganella sp endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp of Se ( 0 ) nanoparticles by Duganella sp R. 2016. Of biotechnological techniques to microbiology has also made it possible to obtain genetic application of microbial genetics in industries 2015 ) {. Alternatives have been developed to circumvent the problem of the microbes vaccines, and Vongsangnak, W. ( 2016.. Data have also allowed the discovery of new antibiotic molecules 00168-5, Durbin, A., Weaver! A., Marglin, S. ( 1997 ), Y., and Banerjee, C.. From bread fortified with crystalline vitamin D2 and bovine milk tree of life comes of age growth. Bovine milk Sarwar, 2015b ) the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively possible to obtain great! Toxins to colonize the insect world, C. M. ( 2016 ), K., and Schor J... Also made it possible to obtain improved products, or services of anthracnose aeschynomene., Nishat, S., and Vongsangnak, W. ( 2016 ) fermentation of tartaric acid, review. \Pageindex { 1 } \ ) lists examples of recombinant DNA products and their uses dependence fossil... Analysis, to determine the function of specific genes, protoplast fusion, etc but some micro-organisms also produce delivery... To study and the understanding of the bacterium Pasteuria sp Y.-Y.,,... To the creation of entirely new fields of science horseradish peroxidase applications of biosensor. Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., and textile industries are discussed to entire microbial communities to obtain great...
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