Following the meeting, which had no direct witnesses, speculations erupted that both leaders agreed to divide Bosnia along ethnic lines, leaving a rump remnant for Bosniak Muslims. From the mid-1990s the term Bosniak replaced Muslim as the name Bosnian Muslims use for themselves. The Bosnian genocide (Bosnian: bosanski genocid) refers to either the Srebrenica massacre or the wider crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) during the Bosnian War of 1992-1995. Subsequent studies, however, concluded that the death toll was actually about 100,000. Within six weeks a coordinated offensive by the Yugoslav army, paramilitary groups, and local Bosnian Serb forces brought roughly two-thirds of Bosnian territory under Serb . Sarajevo suffered the longest siege of any city in modern times, spanning the duration of the war. Toad Testicles, Foul-Beard and Broad-Arse. Conspiracy theories abounded that he had made some secret deal to secure his freedom. But one of the few issues that seemed to retain the interest of editors was the strange case of Dr Karadzic. At the same time, Serbian and Croatian troops took positions within Bosnia. There is simple right and wrong. Bosnia and Herzegovinas position became highly vulnerable. For one year, I lived and survived in a city with 6,000 people without water, electricity, gasoline, medical help, civil defense, distribution service, any kind of traditional service or centralized rule. In the war . They didn't really affect the Croats, who could smuggle arms through their porous borders, nor did it affect the Serbs, who had much of the former Yugoslavian army's equipment. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in, Please refresh your browser to be logged in. However, it did limit the ability of the Bosnians to defend themselves. 5 What do the soldiers of Bosnia and Herzegovina wear? The Serbs who are fighting are the BOSNIAN Serbs, Serbs who have been there from time immemorial, from a time when Bosnian Muslims were Bosnian Serbs. What historical truth was I to adopt, if any? What was the Bosnian War about? In the main bar, as the beer flowed, a band was singing songs praising the heroic deeds of the former president, delighting in the fact that he was still free, that no one could find him, that he represented the best of the Serbs. The worst and most enduring crimes pinned on the former army chief and his men were an unrelenting three-year siege of Sarajevo that claimed more than 10,000 lives, and the massacre at Srebrenica . A disillusioned pilot shot down over war-torn Bosnia is ensnared in the conflict in war-torn Bosnia. But later in 1994, Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks agreed to form a joint federation. Most of Bosnia was conquered by Serb-dominated Communist partisans in 1943-44. In May the army units and equipment in Bosnia and Herzegovina were placed under the command of a Bosnian Serb general, Ratko Mladi. In the 1980s the rapid decline of the Yugoslav economy led to widespread public dissatisfaction with the political system. Between October 1992 and February 1994, all sides were fighting one another. Nick Hawton was the BBCs correspondent in Sarajevo and Belgrade from 2002 to 2008, and is the author of The Quest for Radovan Karadzic (Hutchinson, 2009). Albanians also opposed the government of Yugoslavia, which was made up of modern day Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina . Two Croatian Defense Council (HVO) Army T-55 Main Battle Tanks pull into firing position during a three day exercise held at the Barbara Range in Glamoc, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Independent political parties appeared by 1989. United Nations Purpose, Countries & Founders | What is the United Nations? Known as the Dayton Accords, the resulting treaty guaranteed the right of Bosnia to exist, but provided for significant rights for non-Bosniaks in Bosnia, especially the Serbs and Croats. Following the end of communism in the multi-ethnic Yugoslavia, its constituent republics demanded independence. Who were the bad guys in Bosnia? The Bosnian War was marked by widespread violence, the destruction of towns and cities, and ethnic cleansings committed predominantly by the Serbs. The journalists left for newer conflicts around the world. He has since founded his own financial advice firm, Newton Analytical. In March 1991, presidents of Serbia and Croatia, Franjo Tudman and Slobodan Milosevic, met at Karadordevo. Broadly accepted independent estimates today put the death toll at about 100,000. Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury | Ending Summary & Analysis, Karl Marx on Religion & Social Inequality | Beliefs & Quotes. Some even questioned the point of devoting resources to searching for him when there were more important conflicts to be dealt with in places like Iraq or Afghanistan. As violence erupted in Croatia and Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina was suspiciously quiet. Evidence emerged that the Yugoslav Peoples Army was being used to send secret arms deliveries to the Bosnian Serbs from Belgrade (Serbia). But the deeper roots lie far back in history. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Meanwhile, people on both sides of the Serbian-Croatian divide worried about Bosnia's historically close ties to Turkey, and worried about a resurgent Turkish presence in their own backyards. Moreover, Bosnia has not achieved full sovereignty. But no hard evidence ever came to light. They now control about a quarter of Croatia and have set up two autonomous regions that are under the protection of United Nations forces sent in to keep a fragile peace. Srebrenica and the Horrors of the Balkan War. An error occurred trying to load this video. Serbia only . Chief amongst these were security problems, lack of co-operation from the warring parties, and logistical difficulties. Karadzics daughter, Sonja, also lives in Pale, where the Bosnian Serbs had their capital during the war. This will be 'Greater Serbia'. Gorbachev's reforms in the USSR and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe at the end of 1989 led to growing demands for democracy. First, not to do so would have made a mockery of justice. The international community was surprised by the war's outbreak and unsure of how to stop the atrocities. According to the 9/11 Commission report, four of the 9/11 hijackers, including Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, were veterans of the Bosnian jihad against Radovan Karadzic and the Serbs. The detention camps where Serbs are holding large numbers of Muslim prisoners are not, however, places of extermination in the Nazi sense. But wait, isn't this a lesson on the Bosnians? The Bosnians declared their independence in March of 1992, but by April the capital of Sarajevo was under siege by Serbian forces. Was it the birth of a folk hero? Offering a mixture of fascism, extreme nationalism and hard-line Roman Catholicism, they had ruled a part of Yugoslavia occupied by Axis forces labelled the Independent State of Croatia (and emphatically not independent). The massacre took place even though Srebrenica had been declared a 'safe zone' by the United Nations and despite the presence of Dutch peacekeeping units, which did not intervene to stop it. At the end of January 1992, Serbian deputies withdrew from the Bosnian national legislature and declared a secessionist Republic of Srpska, which controlled ethnically Serb areas. Croats, and Serbs were killed over the course of the war in total. In the three and a half years of conflict, more than 100,000 were killed. The most prominent people charged with committing war crimes during the Bosnian War were Slobodan Miloevi, who died in prison before his trial ended, and Radovan Karadi, Ratko Mladi, and Slobodan Praljak, all of whom were convicted. Although Bosniaks were the primary victims and Serbs the primary perpetrators, Croats were also among the victims and perpetrators. Ultimate power belongs to the High Commissioner (appointed de facto by the European Union), who can dismiss Bosnian officials and abrogate laws adopted in the country. He quoted his poems on the hills above as Sarajevo burned and snipers blew out the brains of children in the streets below. A no-fly zone was imposed, but the tragedies continued. In 1992, more than 1,500 Canadian troops were sent to act as peacekeepers in the Bosnian War. Among the victims, 72% were ethnic Serbs, most of whom were killed by Croats (Bosniaks generally allied with the latter). Sarajevo suffered the longest siege of any city in modern times, spanning the duration of the war. The memories of Jasenovac were used, if not exactly as an apologia for Srebrenica, then at least as a possible explanation. Although Bosniaks were the primary victims and Serbs the primary perpetrators, Croats were also among the victims and perpetrators. From the summer of 1992, the military situation remained fairly static. All rights reserved. Perhaps I always avoided the big decisions and, instead, tried to simplify matters. Of a population of around four million people in 1992, two million were made refugees. The communities lived in relative harmony. Similarly, in what is now the Federation, the share of Serbs diminished from 17% to 3%. ). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Among other parties, one should mention the Yugoslav People's Army (active in the first months of the war and later integrated into the Army of Republika Srpska), Croatian Army (active mostly in 1994-95), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces (conducting bombing operations in 1995 against the Serbs). Although the primary line of conflict was between Serbs and Bosniaks, in 1993 there was also heavy fighting between Croat and Bosniak forces, primarily over the city of Mostar. But there was also another reason, a practical one. Widespread ethnic violence engulfed Bosnia during WW2 (an uncommon occurrence) when the territory was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of Nazi Germany. Both have also claimed Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of their own historic territory. The war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992, following a number of earlier violent incidents. This was the Bosnia War in 1992. Serbs boycotted the referendum on 1 March 1992, in which 92% of voters were in favor of independence with a turnout of 63%. Slobodan Milosevic . = to a genocide in Srebrenica that referendum, they wanted to stay in what was left of Yugoslavia Serbia. I attended a ceremony to mark the 200th anniversary of the first Serbian uprising against the Turks in 1804, a conflict that lasted almost a decade. The real losers, then, are the Muslims, who have been left with almost no land. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. The Muslims might once have preferred to stay in a united Yugoslavia where their ethnic and religious rights were protected, but now they are locked in a struggle for their very survival. When more than 120,000 Bosnian refugees began applying for American visas in the mid-1990s, they were required to disclose military service or other allegiances that might have suggested . In the 1991 census Muslims made up more than two-fifths of the Bosnian population, while Serbs made up slightly less than one-third and Croats one-sixth. Tito tried to create a common Yugoslav identity based on adherence to the Communist ideology. just as it's indisputable all three sides in the Bosnian War were guilty of heinous acts, and massacres of . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. I had been in Bosnia for the BBC less than a month when I saw the teenage boy at the tombstone. About 8% of Bosnia's population was killed during the war. To understand the causes of the conflict, it is necessary to outline Bosnia's history. In the baking heat, the teenage boy was screaming and crying at the same time. Kevin has edited encyclopedias, taught history, and has an MA in Islamic law/finance. Civil war between the two groups as the Croats tried to create a 'mini . The Al-Qaeda boogeyman in Bosnia "10.000 mujahedeen in Bosnia and Herzegovina ready for a new Jihad." This is how the headline of an article read in a leading Bosnian Serb newspaper in January 2019. It always meant the same thing, a destroyed mosque. For the time being, the multi-ethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina remained peaceful. Map showing the post-war division of Bosnia into Bosniak/Muslim, Serb, and Croat areas. The author displayed that not only the Serbs, but also the Bosnians and Croats were bad guys, who caused numerous war crimes during the Bosnian conflict. Was this a song that would be repeated in the decades to come? Croats recaptured Krajina, which they lost to Serbia three years before. Korean War Causes, Timeline & Effects | When was the Korean War? They were Radovan Karadzic. For Karadzic and for many others, of all ethnicities, it was not just a war about now, it was a war about how the past should be interpreted. The established mythos of the Bosnian War is that Serb separatists, encouraged and directed by Slobodan Miloevi and his acolytes in Belgrade, sought to forcibly seize Croat and Bosniak territory in . A two-day celebration culminated in the unveiling of a four-metre high bronze statue of the leader of the uprising, Karadjordje Petrovic. Out of the pre-war population of 4.4. million people, 2.2 million were displaced. The Bosnian War lasted between April 1992 and December 1995. That said, the writing was on the wall. Croatia was Catholic, and traditionally aligned with the whims of Central Europe, especially Germany. NATO countries intervened to stop the war on humanitarian grounds. With the memory of Second World War atrocities behind them, the Serbs were unwilling to live in an independent Croatia again. Omissions? The November 1990 election reflected this ethnic makeup. The Bosnian War was one of the most destructive of the late 20th century. As of 2021, the national government remains weak, while Republika Srpska has consistently expressed a desire to secede or to unite with Serbia. Updates? I began to look into why he had managed to evade capture despite the hand-wringing promises of international politicians and generals that they were doing everything we can to track him down. Supported by the army and Serbia itself, the Serbs rose in armed rebellion. 10 Facts about the Kosovo War. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. For their part, the Croats viewed the Serbian minority as a group that had enjoyed special privileges under Communism. Although Bosniaks were the primary victims and Serbs the primary perpetrators, Croats were also among the victims and perpetrators. In a similar way, Croat forces were backed by volunteers and arms from Croatia. Serbian Pres. The bumper-sticker mentality looks for good guys and bad guys. The possibility of partitioning Bosnia and Herzegovina had been discussed during talks between the Croatian president, Franjo Tudjman, and the Serbian president, Slobodan Miloevi, earlier in the year, and two Croat communities in northern and southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, similar in some ways to the Serb Autonomous Regions, were proclaimed in November 1991. The story is . After the war, he had become a symbol of resistance against the perfidious West, as many Serbs saw it. Bosnia had reason to be wary of both. The truth of what happened was coloured by conspiracy, hidden agenda and interpretation of the past. Truth had to be established and responsibility apportioned. Bosnian conflict: destruction in Sarajevo. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? Meanwhile, Europe's two most-wanted men -- indicted Bosnian Serb war criminals Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic -- have for the last 10 . Many of the victims and neutral observers had actually given up hope that he would ever be caught. Absolutely. An estimated 12,000-20,000 women were raped, mostly Bosniak women. In addition, between 12-50k women, mostly Bosniaks, were raped. An arms embargo was introduced by the United Nations in September 1991, which applied to all of former Yugoslavia, and hurt Bosniaks the most. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. While conflict consumed Croatia and Serbia, the Bosnians sought to remain neutral. The Bosnian train and Equip Program 1 45 M60A3 tanks, 80 M113-A2 armored personnel carriers, 240 heavy trucks 2 15 UH-1H helicopters 3 116 155mm field howitzers and 840 AT4 light antitank weapons 4 1,000 M60 machine guns and 46,100 M16 rifles 5 JANUS and BBS Command and Staff simulation software 6 2,342 radios, 4,100 tactical telephones, binoculars. Given these irreconcilable goals, the Bosnian War broke out in 1992 and lasted until 1995. Former director of the East European Studies program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Meanwhile, Izetbegovic was basing his negotiating position on "the popular image of the Bosnian Serbs as the bad guys." Validating this illusion had a concomitant benefit - namely, precipitating NATO airstrikes on Serb areas. In 1878-1918, Bosnia and Herzegovina were under Austrian rule, and in 1919 it became a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Karadzic is a convicted war criminal and rightly so. In 1999, thousands of U.S. and NATO troops were stationed in nearby Kosovo to carry out a similar deployment that continues today. Likewise, if I spoke to a Croat or a Muslim about the 1992-95 conflict, the discussion would rapidly transform into a discussion about other conflicts in the last 50 years, or 200 years, or 500 years. Slovenia and Croatia demanded that Yugoslavia be transformed from a federation into a loose confederation of sovereign republics, but this change was blocked by the Serbian president Milosevic. Answer (1 of 16): By all accounts they were the bad guy in the conflict, because the conflict wouldn't have started without them. The effect of recognition of the Muslims - Slavs converted to Islam under Turkish rule - and growth in the Muslim population was to turn Bosnian Serbs into a minority in a republic where they had been the largest ethnic group. Even optimists knew it couldn't last. ), 65,789 females (2019 est. The Bosnian government was weakened militarily by an international arms embargo and by a conflict in 199394 with Croat forces. Our city was blockaded by the army; and for one year, life in the city turned . After all, it had been a Serbian nationalist who had started World War I with his assassination of the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, and the resulting Russian guarantee of Serbian Independence. Many Muslims accused the Serbs of following in the tradition of the Chetnik royalist and nationalist militias of the early 20th century in trying to create a Greater Serbia at the expense of other ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia. In 1995, the rival factions in Bosnia's war met to bash out a solution under the watchful eye of the US. Re: Who were the good/bad guys in the Bosian War? Croatia had a 600,000-strong Serbian minority, descendants of Serbs who had fled Turkish rule centuries earlier. 80% of the people who died in the Genocide were Bosniaks. Croatian War of Independence | History, Causes & Impacts, Kosovo War History, Timeline & Causes | Genocide of Kosovo. Photo: Olivier Ballou/provided. The Bosnian War was an armed conflict that took place between 1992 and 1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1 Who were the bad guys in the Bosnian war? Karadzic had seen himself as some heroic Serbian leader with a destiny (although his wife, Ljiljana told me during an interview at her house in the small town of Pale near Sarajevo, he was a reluctant leader and only accepted the post after persuasion). That attitude, together with the manipulation of nationalist feelings by politicians, destabilized Yugoslav politics. The Serbian-Croatian War, also called the Croatian War for Independence, started after Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in April 1991. A trove of intelligence files sent by Canadian peacekeepers expose CIA black ops, illegal weapon shipments, imported jihadist fighters, potential false flags, and stage-managed atrocities. The war led the famous Bosnian Genocide, which had approximately 100,000 people killed. The Dayton Accords sanctioned Bosnia's division into two entities that had already formed during the war - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (uniting Bosniaks and Croats) and Republika Srpska. How could the history of the war be told without the contribution of one of its major figures? This lesson looked at the evolution of Bosnia from a neutral bystander to independent state during the Yugoslav Wars. Bosnian Serbs, a major ethnic group of the country . 24 February marked one year since the start of the war in Ukraine. Earlier this year, the U.N. ordered Bosnia to compensate a Bosnian Muslim woman raped by a Bosnian Serb soldier during the war and to set up a nationwide war crimes reparation scheme. When Bosnia and Herzegovinas independence was recognized by the United States and the EC on April 7, Bosnian Serb paramilitary forces immediately began firing on Sarajevo, and the artillery bombardment of the city by Bosnian Serb units of the Yugoslav army began soon thereafter. As a result, the Bosnians had to fight for their independence, starting in 1992. Perhaps he would return one day and save the Serbs again. The organization later extended its role to the protection of a number of UN-declared safe areas. However, the UN failed to protect the safe area of Srebrenica in July 1995, when Bosnian Serb forces perpetrated the massacre of more than 7,000 Bosniak men (see Srebrenica massacre). The treaty guaranteed independence for Bosnia, but with significant rights for Croats and Serbs. The immediate origins of the war lie in the collapse of the post-1945 Communist order and subsequent clashes between a variety of militant nationalisms. He has Applying the QM Rubric (APPQMR) certificate on teaching online. Who were the bad guys in the Bosnian war? Bosniaks live in Bosnia, while Serbs and Croats live in the regions designated for each. Cold War Dates, Causes & Events | What was the Cold War? SARAJEVO, Bosnia-Herzegovina (CNN) -- The outbreak of war seemed like a joke to Jasmina, then just 19 years old. Ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo faced the pressure of Serbs fighting for control of the region. Bosnian Serb forces laid siege to Sarajevo in the early 1990s. July 11 . Of the nearly two-thirds of the electorate that did cast a vote, almost all voted for independence, which President Izetbegovi officially proclaimed on March 3, 1992. As I searched for Karadzic, I became absorbed in the politics and history of the region. Within six weeks a coordinated offensive by the Yugoslav army, paramilitary groups, and local Bosnian Serb forces brought roughly two-thirds of Bosnian territory under Serb . There were three . Finally, Croats wanted either independent Bosnia with territorial autonomy or secession of the majority-Croat areas to Croatia. It convicted numerous politicians and soldiers for genocide and other crimes, most notably the wartime leaders of Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic. Karadzic warned that the Serbs were once again under threat, harking back to the days of the Second World War and raising the spectre of the Serbs being targeted by their enemies. The Balkan wars that blighted this south-eastern part of Europe for several years during the 1990s left more than 121,588 people dead or missing. Krajisnik, however, was not the only convicted Bosnian war criminal whose release has been celebrated. Create your account. Most of the ethnic cleansing victims were Bosniaks. Simultaneously, Bosniak and Croat forces pursued a ground offensive and took control over a large area in Western Bosnia. By then full-scale war had broken out in Croatia, and the breakup of Yugoslavia was under way. None could understand why he had not been arrested. In 2015 he graduated with a PhD in Political Science from the University of Florida. Marko Risovic for The New . The Croats were labelled the Ustasha, the name given to members of the Croatian Revolutionary Movement. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 He dabbled in poetry and even won some awards for his writing. Parks that were turned into cemeteries, refugee families piled onto horse-drawn carts, stop-or-die checkpoints with mines across the road. You know, between 1992 and 1995, it was hell. When elections were held in Bosnia and Herzegovina in December, new parties representing the three national communities gained seats in rough proportion to their populations. Subsequent studies, however, concluded that the death toll was actually about 100,000. However, due to ethnic cleansing, the mosaic of Bosnia would not be the same. On the positive side, one should notice that compared to most wars, the crimes committed during the Bosnian War were more thoroughly investigated and the perpetrators were more likely to face punishments. Serbs were again backed by the Yugoslav Army. . If the conflict didn't start tens of thousands of people wouldn't be affected negatively by the war, in fact the Croatian economy still hasn't recovered from the effec. The main rivals are the Serbs and Croats, two Slavic peoples with similar languages - though Serbian is written in Cyrillic and Croatian in Latin script - but whose histories are very different. In March 1991, the Serbs and Croats signed the Karadordevo Agreement, splitting Bosnia between the two countries. Most of the local Bosniak population was expelled from these areas, the first victims in the country of a process described as ethnic cleansing. History was living around me. Who were the bad guys in the Bosnian war? The most hideous hallmark of all was the blackened patch of ground in the center of town. Ten thousand of its citizens were killed. In the aftermath of World War II, the Balkan states of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia became part of the Federal People's Republic . Bosnia 's bitter, flawed peace deal , 20 years on. Muslim Bosniaks (about 45% of the population) demanded independence, while Serbs and Croats wanted their territories to secede from Bosnia and, ideally, unite with Serbia and Croatia. Some of them had kids, and they became the next chapter in a story that is still unfolding. It claimed that Bosniak Muslims were organizing online, ready and waiting to take up arms and fight a holy war against Orthodox Christian Serbs. For many Serbs he had become a hero, a leader who fought to protect Serb interests as Yugoslavia disintegrated. In 1991 several self-styled Serb Autonomous Regions were declared in areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina with large Serb populations. NATO enforced a no-fly zone in Bosnia after April 1993, which somewhat decreased the war's intensity. A trove of intelligence files sent by Canadian peacekeepers expose CIA black ops, illegal weapon shipments, imported jihadist fighters, potential false flags, and stage-managed atrocities. Karadzic was one of those who opened the Pandoras box of Yugoslav history, reintroducing the ghosts and crimes of the past and turning them into the fears of the present. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Although the Bosniak goal of independent Bosnia was accomplished, the Serbs preserved most of their territorial gains and self-rule in Republika Srpska. However, this was really nothing newthe Croats and Serbs had a long history of, well, hating each other. Subsequently, Slovenia and Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia in June 1991. But surely there was also an imperative to seek him for two important reasons. Bosnian Serbs attacked Sarajevo mostly because it was the largest city of Bosnia, its capital, and it was controlled by the enemy Bosniak forces. Answer (1 of 2): All 3 sides, but besides me saying this publicly, not many of my countryman and country women will admitt the truth, simply because someone has to be a bad guy and responsible for what have happened to my beautiful Yugoslavia! Saw it, together with the whims of Central Europe, especially Germany kids, and they became the chapter. Their independence, starting in 1992, following a number of UN-declared safe areas our city was blockaded the... With the manipulation of nationalist feelings by politicians, destabilized Yugoslav politics by widespread violence the... The tragedies continued political science from the University of Florida continue to use this site will! 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